It requires introduction of genes to fertilized ova to produce fluorescing molecules in the neurons of the brain. This is an invasive procedure restricted to use in animal studies. This procedure employs instruments known as optical imaging systems. Optical ImagingĪ method of microscopy developed since 1990, optical imaging allows scientists to study living brains. The complex placement of neuron synapses in the brain permits fine-tuned regulatory control of neuron input and output and creates complex neuronal circuits that act as units. Synapse derives from a Greek work describing a point of contact.īrain synapses occur at multiple places on neurons, at dendrites, cell bodies, axons and axon terminals. The structures at the places where neurons connect with each other are collectively called synapses. It turned out that Golgi’s silver stain is only taken up by a small percentage, 1% to 3%, of neurons in a tissue slice.ĭrawing of Neurons of Cerebral Cortex, Ramon y Cajal, Public Domain Image/Wikimedia Commons In 1873, Camillo Golgi developed a silver process capable of staining brain neurons. Normal histology stains used at the time to distinguish cellular structure of other tissue did not work in the brain, because the chemicals were widely absorbed by fatty material distributed throughout the brain. Even through the first half of the 1800s scientists claimed that brain was the only organ without cells. Because of the brain’s soft gel-like appearance, it was considered an irrelevant organ for millennia. Neuron cell structure was not observed until the end of the 19th century. Put together the name of this part of the brain, the part that coordinates complex movement, posture and balance translates into little brain. In Latin the word pons means bridge and cerebellum is a diminutive form of cerebrum, the Latin word for brain. The cerebellum is connected to the brain hemispheres by a small structure named the pons. There are two additional large structures behind the hemispheres named the right and left cerebellum. a sulcus, Public Domain Image/Wikimedia Commons
Whereas, sulcus is a derivative of the Latin word sulc ätus, which means to furrow. Gyrus is a Latin word meaning a circular or spiral form. The top of a ridge is named gyrus and the trough is named sulcus. The surface of the brain hemispheres is deeply folded tissue. The axons of the corpus callosum connect corresponding parts of the hemispheres and permit the right and left hemisphere to coordinate their activity. Within this axon bridge, information travels in both directions functionally connecting the hemispheres.Ĭorpus callosum comes from two Latin words with corpus referring to a body of tissue and callosum indicating its hard texture, much like the consistency of a callus. The hemispheres are connected to each other by a bridge of neuron axons named the corpus callosum. There are two large pieces called the right and left hemispheres.
The gross organization of the brain is similar among mammalian species. Human brain showing left and right hemispheres, cerebellum and central fissure, Pete Spiro/
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